Cardano, a Dignidade e Influência Astrológica e o Espírito Crítico: Exemplo Textual

Ernst, G. 2001, “ ‘Veritatis amor dulcissimus’: Aspects of Cardano’s Astrology” in Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe, 48-9.

  Cardano felt compelled to admit that the situation was genuinely difficult and that the critics of astrology had it all too easy. The discipline had in fact been discredited and corrupted, and by its own practitioners. Cardano condemned not the art, but the artisans: they were the ones who failed to bring to its study the attention, effort, and mental profundity a discipline of its nobility and difficulty required. Moved either by greed or by ambition, they claimed to possess knowledge that they did not have and promised to give answers that an astrologer could not provide. They continually invented new expedients, taking shameless advantage of the ambiguous and profitable area of “elections and interrogations.” One particularly greedy and ignorant astrologer, for example, had forced Ludovico Sforza to follow minute rules, even making him and his courtiers ride horseback in rain and mud. 

   Astrology, Cardano admitted, was not an “absolutely precise” form of knowledge, endowed with absolute certainty and rigor. But that did not mean that it was “a superstition, a form of prophecy, magic, vanity, an oracle or a presage.” It was a natural, conjectural art that set out to formulate probable judgments about future events. There was no reason to deny the legitimacy of doing so, especially when it was granted to doctors, sailors, farmers, and miners. 

   The one basic presupposition on which astrology rested was the reality of the influence that the celestial bodies exercised on the sublunary world.These influences, obvious in the case of the sun and the moon, which werethe supreme rulers of the life of the universe, undeniably also belonged by extension to the planets and the stars, which had the same basic nature. Cardano discussed the question of these influences at length. He tried bothto prove their existence, with a plethora of examples, and to identify the paths by which they were propagated and the ways in which they affected the sublunary world. Only repeated observations could provide the basis for a body of theory as elaborate as that of Ptolemy, which could be confirmed, enlarged, and corrected in its turn by the observation of further facts.

Ernst, G. 2001, “ ‘Veritatis amor dulcissimus’: Aspects of Cardano’s Astrology” in Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe, ed. W. R. Newman & A. Grafton, 39-68. Cambridge, MA/ Londres: The MIT Press.

Aretologia de Ísis de Cumas: Texto Grego e Tradução (Excerto)

Templo de Philae na Ilha Agilika (Wikipedia)

Aretologia de Ísis de Cumas

Séculos I AEC – I EC

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

§1 Δημήτριος Ἀρτεμιδώρου ὁ καὶ Θρασέας Μάγνη[ς] ἀπὸ Μαιάνδρου Ἴσιδι εὐχήν· §2 τάδε ἐγράφηι ἐκ τῆς στήλης τῆς ἐν Μέμφει, ἥτι- ς ἕστηκεν πρὸς τῷ Ἡφαιστιήωι· §3a Εἶσις {Ἶσις} ἐγώ εἰ- μι ἡ τύραννος πάσης χώρας· §3b καὶ ἐπαιδεύθην ὑπ[ὸ] Ἑρμοῦ καὶ §3c γράμματα εὗρον μετὰ Ἑρμοῦ, τά τε ἱερὰ καὶ τὰ δημόσια γράμματα, ἵνα μὴ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς πάντα γράφηται. §4 ἐγὼ νόμους ἀνθρώποις ἐθέμην, καὶ ἐνομοθέτησα ἃ οὐθεὶς δύναται μεταθεῖναι. §5 ἐγώ εἰμι Κρόνου θυγάτηρ πρεσβυτάτηι. §6 ἐγώ εἰμι γ[υ]- νὴ καὶ ἀδελφὴ Ὀσείριδος {Ὀσίριδος} βασιλέως. §7 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ καρπὸν ἀνθρώποις εὑροῦσα. §8 ἐγώ εἰμι μήτηρ Ὥρου βασιλέως. §9 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἐν τῷ τοῦ Κυνὸς ἄστρῳ ἐπιτέλλουσα. §10 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ παρὰ γυναιξὶ θεὸς καλουμένη. §11 ἐμοὶ Βούβαστος πόλις ᾠκοδομήθη. §12 ἐγὼ ἐχώρισα γῆν ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ. §13 ἐγὼ ἄστρων ὁδοὺς ἔδειξα. §14 ἐγὼ ἡλίου καὶ σελήνη[ς] πορέαν συνεταξάμην. §15 ἐγὼ θαλάσσια ἔργα εὗρον. §16 ἐ- γὼ τὸ δίκαιον ἰσχυρὸν ἐποίησα. §17 ἐγὼ γυναῖκα καὶ ἄνδρα συνήγαγον. §18 ἐγὼ γυναικὶ δεκαμηνιαῖον βρέφος εἰς φῶς ἐξενεγκεῖν ἔταξα. §19 ἐγὼ ὑπὸ τέκνου γονεῖς ἐνομοθέτησα φιλοστοργῖσθαι. §20 ἐγὼ τοῖς ἀστόρ- γ<ω>ς γονεῦσιν διακειμένοις τειμω<ρ>ίαν ἐπέθηκα. §21 ἐγὼ μετὰ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Ὀσίριδος τὰς ἀνθρωποφα- γίας ἔπαυσα. §22 ἐγὼ μυήσεις ἀνθρώποις ἐπέδε[ι]- ξα. §23 ἐγὼ ἀγάλματα θεῶν τειμᾶν ἐδίδαξα. §24 ἐγὼ τεμένη θεῶν ἱδρυσάμην. §25 ἐγὼ τυράννων ἀρ- χὰς κατέλυσα. §26 ἐγὼ φόνους ἔπαυσα. §27 ἐγὼ στέρ- γεσθαι γυναῖκας ὑπὸ ἀνδρῶν ἠνάγκασα. §28 ἐγὼ τὸ δίκαιον ἰσχυρότερον χρυσίου καὶ ἀργυρίου ἐποίη- σα. §29 ἐγὼ τὸ ἀληθὲς καλὸν ἐνομο[θέ]τησα νομίζε[σ]- θαι. §30 ἐγὼ συνγραφὰς γαμικὰς εὗρον. §31 ἐγὼ διαλέκτους Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρβάροις ἔταξα. §32 ἐγὼ τὸ καλὸν καὶ αἰσχρὸ[ν] διαγεινώσκεσθαι ὑπὸ τῆς Φύσεως ἐποίησα. §33 ἐγὼ ὅρκου φοβερώτερον οὐθὲν ἐποίησα. §34 ἐγὼ τὸν ἀδίκως ἐπιβουλεύοντα ἄλλοις {ἄλλῳ} ὑποχείριον τῷ ἐπιβου- [λ]ευομένῳ παρέδωκα. §35 ἐγὼ τοῖς ἄδικα πράσσουσιν τειμωρίαν ἐπιτίθημι. §36 ἐγὼ ἱκέτας ἐλεᾶν ἐνομοθ[έ]- τησα. §37 ἐγὼ τοὺς δικαίως ἀμυνομένους τειμῶ. §38 πὰ- ρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ δίκαιον ἰσχύει. §39 ἐγὼ ποταμῶν καὶ ἀνέμων [κ]αὶ θαλάσσης εἰμὶ κυρία. §40 οὐθεὶς δοξάζεται ἄνευ τῆς ἐ- μῆς γνώμης. §41 ἐγώ εἰμι πολέμου κυρία. §42 ἐγὼ κεραυ- νοῦ κυρία εἰμί. §43 ἐγὼ πραΰνω καὶ κυμαίνω θάλασσαν. §44 ἐγὼ ἐν ταῖς τοῦ ἡλίου αὐγαῖς εἰμί. §45 ἐγὼ παρεδρεύω τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου πορείᾳ. §46 ὃ ἂν ἐμοὶ δόξῃ, τοῦτο καὶ τελεῖτα[ι]. §47 ἐμοὶ πάντ’ ἐπείκει. §48 ἐγὼ τοὺς ἐν δεσμοῖς λύωι. §49 ἐγὼ ναυτιλίας εἰμὶ κυρία. §50 ἐγὼ τὰ πλωτὰ ἄπλωτα ποι[ῶ ὅ]- ταν ἐμοὶ δόξῃ. §51 ἐγὼ περιβόλους πόλεων ἔκτισα. §52 ἐ- γώ εἰμι ἡ Θεσμοφόρος καλουμένη. §53 ἐγὼ ν<ή>σσους {νήσους} ἐγ β[υ]- [θ]ῶν εἰς φῶ<ς> ἀνήγαγον. §54 ἐγὼ ὄμβρων εἰμὶ κυρία. §55 ἐγὼ τὸ ἱμαρμένον νικῶ. §56 ἐμοῦ τὸ εἱμαρμένον ἀκούει. §57 χαῖρε Αἴγυπτε θρέψασά με.

Tradução

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§1 Demétrio, filho de Artemidoro, também [conhecido por] Trásea, o Magnésio do Meandro, [entregou esta] prece a Ísis. §2 Transcreveu o que se segue de uma estela em Mênfis que se erguia junto do templo de Hefesto. §3a Eu sou Ísis, a rainha de toda a terra, §3b e fui ensinada por Hermes e §3c com Hermes inventei as letras, tanto as sagradas como as comuns, para que as coisas que existem não sejam escritas com as mesmas [letras]. §4 Eu estabeleci as leis para os seres humanos e ordenei-as para que ninguém as possa mudar. §5 Eu sou a filha primogénita de Cronos §6 Eu sou consorte e irmã do rei Osíris. §7 Eu sou a que encontra o fruto da terra para os seres humanos. §8 Eu sou a mãe do rei Hórus. §9 Eu sou a que ascende na Estrela do Cão. §10 Eu sou a que é chamada de deus pelas mulheres. §11 Para mim foi construída a cidade de Bubástis. §12 Eu separei a terra do céu. §13 Eu revelei os caminhos das estrelas. §14 Eu dispus do curso do Sol e da Lua. §15 Eu inventei os negócios marítimos. §16 Eu tornei forte o justo. §17 Eu uni a mulher e o homem. §18 Eu estabeleci para a mulher dar à luz o seu feto ao décimo mês. §19 Eu determinei que os pais fossem amados [pelo filho] desde criança. §20 Eu impus o castigo aos que não têm uma afeição natural pelos pais. §21 Eu, com o [meu] irmão Osíris, terminei com o canibalismo. §22 Eu revelei as iniciações. §23 Eu ensinei a honrar as estátuas dos deuses. §24 Eu consagrei os templos dos deuses. §25 Eu acabei com o poder dos tiranos. §26 Eu pus um fim aos homicídios. §27 Eu obriguei as mulheres a serem amadas pelos homens. §28 Eu tornei o justo mais forte do que o ouro e a prata.

              ....

Fim do Excerto

NOTA: A tradução da inscrição grega é da minha responsabilidade.

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